Pine Research Instrumentation has a richly deep history with the Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode (RRDE). As the company was designing a rotator that would spin electrodes, notable scientists including Dr. John Albery FRS, Dr. Stanley Bruckenstein, Dr. Dennis Johnson and Dr. Duane Napp were solving fairly complex differential equations that defined the physical responses of RRDE. This team worked to find solutions for collection efficiency, ECE reactions, coupled reactions, and even more complicated systems that would be published in a series, starting in 1966. Soon thereafter, Pine [Instrument Company] designed and produced the first commercially-available electrode rotators and RRDEs to equip the emerging community of electrochemical scientists.
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